The History of Cell Theory in the Last 200 Years Essay Example for Free

The History of Cell Theory in the Last 200 Years EssayThe last deuce centuries present significant advancement in the study of jail prison carrell development in biological science since the term was starting coined by Robert Hooke in 1665. Although Hooke commencement observed the presence of cells in matters it was Jean Baptiste De Lamarck (1744 1829), a French scientist, who initiated early steps in recognizing the concept of the cell as a biological fragment in living things while carrying out extensive works in evolution and classifications in the animal kingdom.This is similar to the Rene Dutrochets pronouncement in 1824 that the social structure of a living bodys fundamental elements is the cell, created through the work called juxtaposition or combination, producing both animals and plant kneads. Several assumptions followed which serves as basis for the unexampled cell theory including Ludolph Christian Treviranuss (1779-1864) proposition that a cell can be fu rther separated into even smaller components by its intracellular space or individual units comprising the cell itself particularly in plants.Building on this concept, Robert Brown (1773-1858) published a paper naming one of these units cell nucleus in 1883. Although scientifically accepted as fact today, Brown together with Bauer, at that time, never thought the idea of cell nucleus to be universally present in all living things and limit the concept to monocotyledons (also called monocots), one of the major groups of angiosperms or flowering plants. Amidst the numerous assumptions and differing opinions of their times three name calling excel in the field of cell science Theodor Schwann (1810-1882), Matthias Jakob Schleiden (1804-1881) and Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902).Schwann discovered what is called Schwann cell or neu exercisemnocytes, glial cells supplying vitality to peripheral nerve fibers. Together with Schleiden they cerebrate that all living things are composed of cells an d published their findings in a paper called Microscopic Investigations on the Accordance in the Structure and Growth of Plants and Animals. nearly their contemporary, Virchow further improved the idea into a wider and more scientific scale stating that cells come from cells of the same anatomy, refuting the theory of Spontaneous Generation.Virchow was also one of the very first scientists to apply existing cell theories together with findings he himself formulated in medicine that led to the discovery of leukemia cells and a deeper understanding of lung cancer and other deceases related to cell formation and their behavior. In 1855, Virchow states that cells replicate through the process called cell division. Together, Schwann, Schleiden and Virchow are the three considered to be the key figures and originator of the basis for the concepts of moderne Cell Theory.Development in the Cell Theory in the 1900s is not as numerous as that of the 1700s and 1800s. One discovery, however , worth mentioning is the finding made by James D. Watson and Francis Crick regarding the double-helix structure for DNA in the 1953. 2. Membranous Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells Chloroplast (plastid). Chloroplasts are present in eukaryotic a cell which main function is to capture light naught to conserve pardon energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate moderating Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADP) and requires NADPH as a reductant in a reduction-oxidation (redox) reaction. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) forms the ne devilrk of tubules, vesicles and cisternae in cells necessary for protein synthesis ( the process where cells proteins), protein folding and transport, secretion or exocytosed, and manufacture and retentiveness of glycogen, steroids and macromolecules. Golgi Apparatus or Golgi Complex deals with the processing of proteins and lipids after synthesis before transporting (e. g. secretion) Mitochondrion generates the cells energy (i. e. chemical energy ) and produce majority of its Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Vacuole is an cover water filled compartment within a cell containing enzymes and various natural and inorganic molecules. Nucleus contains majority of the cells ge sack upic materials organized in a multiple long linear Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). It is considered to be the cells control center. 3. Methods in Molecular Exchange Diffusion. Diffusion balances the degree of closeness of molecules from a region with higher concentration to a region with lower concentration as a reaction to thermal motion.It plays a vital role in the distribution of oxygen, nutrients and other molecules across the capillary walls and across membranes. An diffusion equilibrium is said to be attained when the amount of molecule between two regions are equal and no diffusion movement occurs, or the net flux is at zero rate. The degree of concentration, temperature, and room affects the direction and extent of net flux related to the process. Endocytosis. Endocytosis takes place when cells suck up molecules from the outside of the cell by swallowing it up using their cell membrane. Exocytosis. Exocytosis is the reverse process of endocytosis where a cell releases the contents accumulated by the secretory vesicles out of the cell membrane. 4. Catalyst and Enzyme Catalysts are substances that make a chemical reaction faster than its normal rate. Catalysts surmount changes in matters acted upon (substrate) but remain unchanged on the final output of the reaction (end product). Enzymes are types of catalyst that are almost always in protein form and are used in biochemical (living) reactions. 5. Enzyme-Controlled ReactionDuring an enzyme-controlled reaction, the enzymes key portion called active site interacts with the substrate. The substrate begins reacting to the enzyme entering a stress state. Upon compass the necessary stress rate, the substrate changes in form or state (or both) producing the end product. The result ing end product is said to drift away and the enzyme is then free to perform the same procedure in the chemical reaction until no reactible substance is left, concluding the process. 6. Enzymes, Coenzymes and VitaminsThe primary function of vitamins in living organisms is to serve as cofactors for chemical reactions involving enzymes. Although a cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound, cofactors are tied to a protein and is necessary for proteins to perform its biological functions. These types of proteins are almost always a kind of enzyme and cofactors can be thought as of helpers in performing its transformation. Vitamins or derivatives of vitamins make up an organic cofactor. 7. Chemosynthesis is the process by which organisms generate their own energy through chemical reaction rather than sunlight.This process converts carbon copy substances and nutrients into organic form (hydrocarbon) by oxidation as an energy source. 8. In the process called Glycolysis, requires two ATP s to break down glucose into phosphoglyceraldehyde (2 PGAL). In the 2nd stage of glycolysis, the 2 PGALs are then broken into 2 pyruvates. This stage produces 4 ATPs and 2 NADHs. The net ATP production is 2 ATPs as in the same case with the Krebs Cycle. 9. Stages in Photosynthesis The process of photosynthesis starts with the accumulation of substances needed by the process.These substances are carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O) and, of course, sunlight to be processed in the leafs chloroplasts. Sunlight then is converted into an energy form called ATP and NADPH. The sunlight absorbed through the stomata follows as certain chain of processing and results in the production of ATP, NADPH and oxygen. This process is called light reaction. Utilizing the ATP and NADPH, carbon dioxide is then converted into sugar. The resulting sugar is then broken down into two molecules called glucose and fructose, molecules that make up sucrose and sugar.The process is called dark reaction. 10. Assuming Photosynthesis I and Photosynthesis II refers to Light Reaction and Dark reactions During light reactions electrons react as light strikes the chlorophyll. This results to the formation of ATP and NADPH. Also, water undergoes chemical reaction splitting oxygen and hydrogen. Carbon dioxide is accumulated from the atmosphere, hydrogen is added producing carbohydrates. This process is called carbon fixation. In the case of dark reactions, carbon dioxide is accumulated by a 5-C chemical called ribulose biphosphate (RuBP).Six molecules of carbon dioxide go in the Calvin Cycle, creating a glucose molecule. TP and NADPH created is used to attach phosphates into the PGA. Residual PGAL molecules are converted to reform 6 molecules of RuBP repeating the cycle again. REFERENCES Enger, E. D. , Ross, F. C. , Bailey, D. B. (2009). Concepts in biology (13th ed. ). vernal York McGraw-Hill. Turner W. (January 1890). The Cell Theory, Past and Present BIOS 100 Lecture Material Online. Fall 2004. Gl ycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and other Energy-Releasing Pathways. May 15, 2009. http//www. bio. miami. edu/cmallery/255/255hist/cell_theory. htm

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain Essay Example for Free

The Adventures of huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain EssayIn The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Mark Twains characters play an intricate roll in the literary structure of the book. They come into Huck and Jims life almost like the changing wind, and changed their characters indefinitely. The character that I found interesting was Colonel Sherburn who is the owner of the largest store in a townspeople that Huck happens upon.The town Huck ventures into a town that is in the middle of a festival all the families have their wagons and are eating their dinners in them. During their dinner many pose to drink whiskey very heavily and Huck saw three fights. and so the town drunk, Mr. Boggs ventures into the town for his monthly drink and that every one evaluate but did not fear what he would do. On man says, I whisht old Boggsd threaten me, cuz then Id know I warnt gwyne to die for a thousan year. (Twain143) This still goes to show that the town had been through this whole routine befor e they even knew whom Boggs was going to chaw up.Boggs announced to every one that had now begun to follow him, that he could not waist his time with them because he was there to kill Colonel Sherburn. So, he marched right up to the front Sherburns store and demanded that he come out and join the man youve swindled. (Twain 143) Boggs then continued to call Sherburn every offensive remark he could think of while even though he was under the influence. Then comes Sherburn, a proud-looking man who carried himself very well, so well that when he stepped out onto the steps of the store the crowd steps back almost in awe.He was about fifty-five and was the best-dressed man in that town, he wore Mark Twains later look of all white. Then he warns Boggs to leave by one oclock or he will hunt him down and make sure we will not bother him or the town again. Boggs could not let it go so he returned and sure enough Sherburn steps out into the street and shoots him and kills him.The angry mob go es to Sherburns house and thought that he ought to be lynched because he murdered Boggs in cold blood. Sherburn doesnt believe they have enough pluck to lynch him and he knows that a mob of angry men mean nothing. He says, Why, a mans untroubled in the hands of ten thousand of your kind-as long as its day-time and youre not behind him. (Twain 147)He refers to the Ku Klux Klan or a similar organization that was formed in the south and they wear masks when the swear their crimes. He knows that wearing a mask and only going out at night is the only way for them to commit their crimes because they are cowards. A mob is nothing with out a solid leader and Sherburn knows this that is why he doesnt feel threatened by them.This characters roll in the novel is to show that one single man can stand up to an any mob and be stronger than them if he is confident in what he believes. Sherburn believed that he did the right thing and that is why he doesnt back down even when he is faced up again st staggering odds. Huck sees all of these events overspread but doesnt seem troubled by them because right after the mob leaves he goes to the circus. This shows that he is still a child and that the only way to see this out of his mind is to go somewhere were everyone is forever young. Twain often fevers to the idea of forever child hood and he doesnt want his characters to grow up. That is why he places a horrific scene of death next to childlike scene at the circus showing a great contrast. Twain has a brilliant way of keeping the character young but he still lets it grow emotionally.

Nikki Giovani Comparing Poems Essay Example for Free

Nikki Giovani Comparing Poems EssayNikki Giovanni uses good choice of words and figurative language to put the proofreader in a vivid world. She uses vivid verbs, personification, and former(a) elements to really give the right picture in your mind. Her method works because the readers get hooked onto the verse form and want to read it. One of my favorite poems is poetry. metrical composition is a poem about poets using poetry to express themselves and not to impress anybody. She uses metaphors to show what poetry is, she says A poem is pure energy. These types of metaphors help the reader picture what the poems trying to say. She also uses personification to also have a better understanding. Another one of Nikki Giovannis poems is women.I think that this poem talks about a woman who has been rejected. She uses metaphors to express how she feels. She says I am glass to say she is transparent. Nikki Giovanni uses metaphors and simile in both poems. She uses these so that read ers will understand the poem better. This is a good way to get readers interested. She also uses other elements like repetition to emphasize it like when she repeats I am glass I am glass. In the poems women and poetry by Nikki Giovanni she uses different elements to express what she is trying to express. We talked about two metaphor and simile. The way she uses the different elements really goes along with the poems. It goes really swell up because it gives the readers pictures of what the poet is trying to express. This is why Nikki Giovannis method works good in poetry.

Inditexs Zara: An Analysis

Inditexs Zara An AnalysisThe all over altogether focus of this dissertation testament be the Spanish organization Inditex, in token its raiment brand Zara. to a massiveer extent specifically it provide concentrate on Inditexs past tense and current performance and its unique seam model. In order to in effect write this dissertation it will be split into louver particles. In the second ingredient a brief overview of the colligateion, operational and financial performance will be described as it is vital to establish an understanding of Inditexs background before commencing on further analysis. The third section will provide an diligence analysis in relation the organisations carrefour line environment which will include a PEST analysis and Porters Five Forces model analysis. This will al commencements for an understanding of Inditexs impertinent business environment which bay window whence be utilize to analyze the marketing strategy (PEST) and an understanding of the industry in which Inditex is located (Porter). The next section involves an evalutation of Inditexs business strategy through all stages of business process design, manufacturing, distri exclusivelyion and marketing stages. The fifth section consists of the business model analysis and a dweeb analysis of Inditex. The business analysis explains why Inditex use a vertical integration model and the SWOT analysis allows for clear evaluation of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the organization. The final section offers a series of recommendations that I will put forward based on my research and analysis carried out in the preceding sections.The gild overview2.1 The company profileInditex ( Industria de Diseno Textil) is a world(a) appearance retailer and has expanded rapidly to plump one of the largest invent retailers in the whole world. The company designed, patch upd and retail decorate, footwear and accessories for women, men and children through it s seven equip retail chains Zara, Bershka, Stradivarius, Massimo Dutti, Oysho, Pull and Bear, Skhuaban. Each of these brands repoints varied market segments in terms of age and use competent income. The group owns more(prenominal) than than than a hundred companies involved in different textile, manufacturer, infrastructure and distri scarceion businesses. At the end of the 2009, the group operated 4607 stores around the world. At the beginning, Inditexs trading operations were mainly focused on its domestic market in Spain with the kickoff Zara shop was candid in 1975. Following on the company has expanded internationally quite quickly inside clothing sector.History of InditexIn 1963, Amancio Ortega Gaona, Inditexs founder, founded confecciones Goa to manufacture outputs much(prenominal) as housecoats. As the demand increased, the company integrated forward into retailing, thence the starting signal Zara store was opened in 1975. Zara stores expanded quickly within Spa in market. In 1985, Inditex was founded as the holding company of the group of businesses operating at the time. In 1988, Zara opened its first store outside of Spain and began to expand internationally. In 1991 , Pull Bear was founded, and Inditex bought 65% of the Massimo Dutti Group in 1991. footlingly afterwards, Inditex acquired 100% of Massimo Dutti Group and launched its first shop in 1995. Inditex launched the Bershka chain and then acquired Stradivarius respectively in 1998 and 1999. Soon after, the group launched Oysho chain in 2001 and Zara home in 2003. Zara home was introduced as Inditexs first online store in 2007. confront 1 Timeline of InditexPicture 1.png2.3 Products MixOver past few decades, Inditex has built its own multi-brand portfolio, which has allowed Inditex to seat various market segments more effectively. The group uses a multi-brand name strategy to diversify their seven endorsed brands and one extended brand. Zara is the flagship brand of Inditex . Alt hough Pull and Bear and Massimo Dutti argon both shape brands for women and men, their target market is different. The former brand targets a younger group with more lei sure and sports based design, while the latter one targets men and women from 24 to 45 providing a gameyer(prenominal) quality. Bersha and Stradivarius provide elegant and latest fashion for only young woman.Exhibit 2 Inditexs brand portfolio2.4 Financial Performance and comparisonExhibit 4 Total revenueExhibit 5 Net profit marginOperating profit margin and return on capital engaged ROCE are two powers used to evaluate profitability of the firm. The comparison of net profit margins between Inditex and its main competitors over the same period is an different indicator to show how effective a company is at cost control and profitability. Net profit margins are calculated from the Net profit divided by net revenues. The net profit margin is a darling measure to compare companies in the same industry out-of-pocke t to similar business environment all companies confronted. The higher the net profit margin is, the more profit able the company is. To put it in another way, the more effective the company is at converting sales into profit . According to exhibit 4, we can see that HM learn strong capacity to consistently convert around 22% of its essence revenue into profit Inditexs net profit margin is similar. However, when compared with Inditex and HM, GAP has lowest net profit margin.Exhibit 6 Return on capital industriousExhibit 6, above, demonstrates return on capital employed (ROCE) demonstrating how much profit a company can earn from the investments of its shareholders have made in their company. It fundamentally is used to show how much a company is gaining from its capital. In figure 6, GAP underperforms in this measure, not just due to low profit levels, but alike because of huge amount of capital in order to generate profit. However, GAPs return on capital employed ratio is increa sing gradually. On the other hand, Inditex dominates higher capital per unit of profit than HM. at that place has been a decline in its ROCE ratio since 2007. HM vastly outperforms all other firms. Inditex invests more than HM in fixed assets dues to its vertical integration. Inditex has 5371 million euro in assets, plants and equipmentInditex Annual Report, 2009, while HM only has 661 million euro. This is the main reason that HM has much more higher ROCE ratio than Inditex. Inditexs business model focuses mainly on vertical integration and in-house take. While at the same time outsourcing is becoming a favourite trend in clothing industry. Inditexs closest comparable competitors had narrower vertical scope than Inditex but outsourced all overlapions. In todays competitive business environment, more and more companies consume to send out non-core operations or their manufacturing sections to a supplier in order to reduce the cost by specializing and making the firm focus str ictly on its core operation. This is due to the low take cost in some developing countries such as China and Vietnam. On the other hand, there are some companies that constantly try to gain control over as many sections as possible within entire cherish chain, usually by in-house crossingion.3. Industry AnalysisThe culture of fashion has been changed from haute couture and ready-to-wear to fast fashion. Generally, fast fashion retailers do not heavily invest in the human race of fashion trend and designs, but instead are inspired by the closely attractive and promising trends spotted at fashion shows and by cues interpreted from mainstream consumers (Agins, 1999 Reinach,2005). They are able to keep up with these red-hot fashion trends and add them into their products that can be provided on the market almost immediately with relatively bring down price. Fast fashion is dominating the industry on the premise of several conditions. Firstly, short lead times and life cycles are two of severalize condition of fast fashion. Secondly, considerable number of retail stores can r individually potential nodes. In addition, a actually fast supply chain is required to connect customers demand with upstream operations from design, manufacture to distribution.Nowadays, more and more fashion retailers across the world engaged in this kind of fast fashion race. They take a crap all effort to minimize the time in which they respond to fashion trends and the speed of their supply chains. For examples, Spanish Inditex (Zara), US GAP, Swedish company Hennes Mauritz (HM). British Topshop and Next, all focus on a fast fashion model. This fast fashion retail can be divided into two categories some with factories to produce its products equal by Zara (Inditex) some without manufacturing competencies of their own such as HM and violate, which therefore cockeyeds they outsource production to labor intensive countries.3.1 PESTEL AnalysisPolitical factorsSince 2005 the g lobal system of quota has phased out, textile and apparel industry entered the global free market. In the meanwhile, the textiles and apparel market has die more competitive than before and has also become more intense for the small and marginal players due to such intense competition. It seems that large fashion companies such as Inditex, HM, can dominate the fashion industries due to economy of carapace, which gives big companies cut down cost per unit resulting from increased production. Also, the remove of all import quotas in clothing industry gives Indiex access to a bigger market to operate with greater geographical reach and then generates more sales.Economic factorsThe world is facing global economic recession. Consequently, the business environment is fractious to operate within, which in turn has a huge influence on textile industry and fashion industry. This due to rising unemployment, the so-called credit labor and cut disposable income forcing changes in consumer s spending habits. Many consumers have become more price- fine and cautious. Consumers are more likely to cut budgets on apparel and fashion accessories. much(prenominal) a change allows Inditex to attract more consumers shopping at its chain stores.Social factorsStrong brands play a significant role in sales, because consumers prefer branded products as oppose to generic products. Most consumers value highly good branded products or services. Even though many companies went to nonstarter in economic recession, most Brand fashion retail still managed to remain profitable. In the international fashion retail market, strong brand personal identity is very important. This is not only a precondition to attract customers, but also is a foundation of global expansion. Inditex not only provides fast fashion with relative lower price, but focus on brands building as well.Technological factorsTechnology is not only typeseted to companies within the software and computing machine industr y such as Microsoft and Intel. Currently, technology plays a very important role on the fashion industry. With the increased competition, companies are taking advantage of IT to better its Supply Chain Management (SCM) and using it to ensure a competitive advantage is gained. Many fashion companies are relying on the technological capabilities to add value to their products. More and more companies have adopted an online shopping platform to enhance their service and increase sales.Legal factorsThe fashion industry has been calling for stronger worldwide procure protection and intellectual property protection for fashion designs because they fear major losses to their competitors. Fridolin Fischer pointed out that a dynamic interaction between innovation and sour can be seen as a competition. Indeed, new innovation creates superior products imitation makes these products more available to a greater number of consumers. Therefore, a peppy imitation process is crucial for dynamic c ompetition. It is true in reality, but it is not fair to the designer. At present, more developed countries expand their copyright fair play to include fashion designs, fashion design owners would be granted the exclusive right to place their design on the marketplace. These copyright Act will limit the development of some fast fashion retailer, such as Zara.Environmental factorsThe environmental impact of the textile and apparel industry stems from its consumption of energy and hepatotoxic chemicals. The apparel industry bestows to climate change indirectly through the burning of fossil fuels to create electricity which is used to produce chemical materials which are then used as raw material to take place of cotton. Other major energy consumed involves using fuel for agricultural machinery and for distribution. Toxic chemicals are used widely in cotton planting and in many manufacturing stages such as pre-treatment, dyeing and printing. The volume waste from the fashion industr y has become higher because of the advent of fast fashion. It is undeniable as regard to the current situation that the Fast fashion is causing a pollution issue due to shorted clothing life cycle, which has more negative impacts on environment.3.2 Five Force AnalysisFashion apparel is a highly competitive business industry that is alone internationalized and posses no boundaries to its operations. The fashion retail industry is a large, mature and highly competitive industry. The annual growth rate of the market was about ** in the past decade. In 2009, total apparel sales were 362 billion. However, high fragmentation gives rise to intensive competition and price pressure in this market. Porters Five-Forces Model will be used to illustrate business environment of apparel industry.Threat of entryThe apparel industry has very low entry barriers. Entry does not require huge amount of capital, workshops can be set up with workers with relative low skills. However, the economy of scale in production has significant impact on the entrant. It forces the entrants either to accept cost disadvantage or produce in a large scale. On the other hand brand identification and production differentiation plays the significant role, because brand identification creates a barrier to entry.Threat of substitutesThe threat of substitution in this market is very high. The threat comes from other apparel retailers, designer retailers and tailor houses. On the other hand, Generic substitution is more likely to present a threat by offering products at lower prices.Power of buyersTodays buyers have more purchase power than ever before. Customers demand high quality, a large variety and more frequent changes in the pick available to them. They want the exact garment they require when they want it and accessories in their preferred color and size in same store. This is the reason that retailers differentiate its product in order to satisfy the consumers needs. This is done by ensuring there are alternative sources of supply available for consumer and the cost of switching is almost zero. Inditex exactly meets the these customer demand by offer most fashionable clothes to cover various target markets at inexpensive price.Power of suppliersPower of suppliers in apparel market is low because most of fashion retailers outsourced the production section to developing countries, switching cost are low, buyes brands is powerful enough to get strong business deal power. There existing fashion retail brands command strong enough bargaining power to attain low costs. Therefore, the possibility of forward integration and suppliers customers are not fragmented. One the other hand, Inditex has more bargain power due to its vertical integration business model.Competitive rivalryThe apparel industry, due to its low barriers of entry and declined obstacles to trade among nations, is one of the most highly competitive industries in the world. Hennues and Mauritz (HM) and breakin g are Inditexs major competitors in terms of size and sales.Hennes and Mauritz ( HM)Hennes and Mauritz, was founded in Sweden in 1947, is another high performing fashion retailor. Today HM has expanded to 2000 stores acorss the world with more than 76,000 employees(HM Annual report,2009). HM offers similar product mix with Inditex in the same market, such as clothes, accessorise, nightwear and underwear to women, men and children. While HM is considered as the closest rival to Inditex, there are many key differences. First of all, HM outsourced all its production section. Moreover, HM tends to offer prodcuts at a some lower price than Zara by outsourcing it production. Beyond store-based retailing, HM also ventured into online shopping and Internet retailing. Inditex has been relatively slow to develop its online transfering. However, HM has relied almost exclusively on only one brand. Inditex has broader brand portfolio, which is made up of octette brands in order to reduce risk and refine the companys targeting of specific consumer groupsGapThe second biggest clothing retailor, Gap, is American fashion retailer founded in 1969. The company has five brands GAP, Old Navy,Banana Republic, Piperlime and Athleta. At the beginning, Gaps merchandise consisted of other brands such as Levis and LPs. After Gap continuing to expand rapidly across the United States, Gap started to sell its private label products in its stores. Gap is a famous fashion retailer with a distinct marketing campaign consisting of mainly establishtime television adverts which target the fashion conscious 15 to 35 age old women and men. The company operates over 4000 stores all over the world. Gap was well known for extensive collections of T-shirts and jeans which is unbiased but stylish. However, since 2001 the pace of development became slow due to lack of a clear fashion positioning and failing to meet consumers fast fashion demand. More than 90% of its products are outsourced, which ha s meant the supply chain is likewise long and they have therefore a slow response to fashion. Also, Gaps core customer base has aged. Gap needs a reposition for its brand and design, but the chain has struggled to attract a younger generation to its stores. The company lacks an effective rise to deal with it. Gap is suffering from a plummet in sales and its competitors such as Zara and HM have consequently profited from Gaps downfall. In 2008, Inditexs fashion chain Zara overtook Gap to become the worlds largest clothing retailer.Inditexs Business Strategies4.1 Design-Fashion follower, industry leaderThe process of Inditexs product development design programme is constantly functional in order to adapt to new fashion trends . Designers and managers attend high-fashion fairs and exhibitions to obtain fashion information and then convert the latest fashion trends of the season into their designs. Other sources of design inspiration come from TV, Internet, call for content or trend spotters. product development teams focus on venues such as university campuses and clubs around the world to capture fashion trends and customer preferences. Zaras product development teams have frequent dialogue via their internal IT system. Inditex gave significant autonomy to each store manager in deciding the quantity of product need by each store. Moreover, the store manager is able to decide which product to display in their stores and which product is to be sold at a reduced price. The managers responsibility is to make these decision based on market research and sales trends. Moreover, by employing young and fashionable member of staff ensures that employees also contribute by helping to report the sales analysis, the product life cycles, and the store trends to the designers.There are specialized teams in headquarters to analyze feedbacks and information from each store, then design and produce their products. These sales analyses allow the designers to develop the right products to meet consumer Demand.Design team issues up to approximately 12,000 new design styles per year. Such a design concept obviously depends on the regular creation of new design. For example, Zaras designer team came up with approximately 40,000 new designs per year, from which only slightly more than one-quarter of them for production. Zara often follows the fashion trends of the high-fashion houses and offers similar products at much lower prices by using less expensive fabric. It also attempts to offer more color in and larger range of sizes to meet the need of consumers. After a prototype of new design was selected, a computer-aided design system is used to refine colourize and textures.Limited number of new items were produced and presented in certain stores for a trial period and large volumes of the product are produced only if customers reaction is positive. As a consequence, failure rates on new products is only 1% which is less than the average rate of 10% of oth er fashion retailers.4.2 Manufacture processInditex has been able to obtain excellent financial record due to its vertical integration and fast fashion business strategies which provide Inditex with a competitive advantage over traditional fashion retailers in the industry. Generally speaking, apparel retailers always try to keep slower costs by outsourcing production to developing countries where the lowest labor could reduce its manufacture cost. On the other hand, Inditexs subsidiary retailing chain adopted a successful diverse method of doing business by working through the whole value chain. Highly capital intensity and vertical integration is a distinctive feature of Inditexs business model.From the upstream value chain, a subsidiary of Inditex company, Comdietel, funnels fabric and other input supplied by external suppliers. More than half of the fabric was undyed which provide maximum flexibility to produce in-season clothes. Comdietel is able to dye and process gray fabric into certain pattern within only one week to meet the requirement of downstream value chain.Inditex has 20 fully owned manufacture factories across the atomic number 63. These factories use capital intensive production processes and provide cut garment and semi-manufactured products to approximately 500 in-house workshops. The relevant newspaper clipping machines and other systems produce semi-manufactured items and cut garments which will be transited directly into workshops. The progress looks rigmarole, but it is quite efficient because bar codes track the cut pieces through the every production steps. Workshops are located in labor-intensive areas across Europe such as Spain and northern Portugal. These workshops manufacture clothes in small scale to offer specialization in product type. The sewn clothes were sent back from these workshops to various product line under different brands. The center will inspect, iron and fold before sending finished garment to distribution cente r.The secret of Inditexs success is that vertical integration leads to short turnaround times and great flexibility. By implementing in-house production, inditex has obtained high level of variety, quantity and frequency of new styled clothes. Inditex adopts market orientation by reducing lead-times and increasing flexibility. Zara is able to upgrade products in its stores within 10 to 15 days from design to stores. Vertical integration decreased Inditexs stock to a minimum level and reduced fashion risk. In the mean time, providing small amount of products in a great variety of styles rendered Inditex shorter lead times and high level flexibility. As a consequence of offering fewer amount of product more often, Indite obtains larger percentages of the full price due to in-season sell and thus achieve higher net margins on sales.By focusing on shorter response times to fashion trends and keeping up with fashion. Inditex made efforts to make sure that its stores are able to offer lat est fashion items that consumers desired at a given time. Inditex can move from coming up a design to having clothes in its stores within 2 weeks. Short lead times is Inditex one of the most important competitive advantages over its competitors. When Inditexs retail stores provide consumer with latest fashion items and gain huge amount of sales, its competitors have still struggled to catch up. In comparison, HMs lead time is more than 20 days. Traditional retailers use 4-6 months .4.3 DistributionA more systematic approach to gillyflower distribution is another feature of Inditex. Each retail chain has its own centralized distribution system. Distribution center is located in Arteixo and small send centers across the world. In order to keep its stores refreshed with new merchandise every two weeks, the warehouses of Inditex is simply a place to transfer merchandise earlier than store them. Under Indetexs distribution system, most of merchandise stayed at the distribution centers for only few hours. Products are inspected and shipped immediately in distribution center. Store managers can check lists of items available to be shipped to their stores. Based on their store inventories, they can request quantities and type of products. However, Inditexs international expansion required constant adjustment on distribution. Zara schedules the shipment by time zone to make sure distribute effectively. Inditex uses this method to gain a competitive advantage by minimizing the lead times.4.4 marketing mixPlacementInditexs marketing strategy is very effective because its marketing policy involves zero advertising. Inditex invest in selecting locations for its subsidiary retail chains and the innovation of those stores. For example, products in Zara are relative inexpensive, but shopping in Zara shores does not feel chinchy. Zara stores are centrally located with spacious and nice interior. The clothes were presented very tide and upscale. There is a big difference between Zara stores and the store of some upper scale stores.ProductInditex constantly changes its products. Therefore, customers are never sure what is going to be on Zaras shelves the following week. Zara designs apparel to meet consumer demand, attempting to pull customers in by producing small amount to create a fear that if customers do not buy immediately, the product will soon be out of stock. There is not any other company that can produce high fashion clothes faster than Zara, which positions itself as high fashion at cheap prices. Although Zara has been accused of copying the design of other upscale fashion retailers, the prime difference is the price, which allows high fashion to be affordable for average consumer.PriceThe pricing strategy chosen can affect revenue. The price of a product is very vital for a company to get back all its effort. The other three elements of marketing mix are costs. Thus, no matter how good the garment is. How efficient the supply chain and h ow creative the promotion, unless the price covers cost, the company will not make profits. Clothes might suffer from prices that are too low among competition. Pricing is very important since it often send quality cues to customers Jobber, 2007Inditex does not compete on price because they know their customers are more sensitive to fashion instead of the price. Inditexs subsidiary brands follow a market-based pricing strategy. Inditex sets price in line with its marketing strategy with reference to other marketing decisions such as position, strategic objective, promotion and value to customers. Therefore, Inditex sets price differently on different brands. Zaras prices are very reasonable. Its objective is to set price as cheap as possible to allow people to have fast fashion clothes. Inditex will adjust its price for certain product to keep low inventories if the company overestimated the demand.PromotionThe fact that there is no advertising promotion strategy is another effectiv e cost cutting approach for Inditex. Other fashion retailers spend 3.5% of their revenue on advertising, while inditex only spends 0.3% on promotion. Advertisement is carry out only at a new store opening. But that does not means Inditex make less efforts on promotion. Zara does not engage in large advertising campaigns on television and magazines. It just adopts a different approach to promote its products. It invests its money on location, Zaras stores are situated at commercial center. The company believes that their shop windows presentations are all the advertising it needs and its sores only opened in the most fashionable district.4.5 International ExpansionInditex has become possibly the most internationalized fashion retail chain. Zara operates 2707 stores in countries outside its home market Spain. By 2010, its has 1900 stores in rest of Europe, more than 150 stores in Asia, 366 in America, 485 elsewhere in the rest of world. Inditex generates 68 percent of its total revenu e from oversea markets. Zara contributes most of international sales and revenue to Inditex. Zaras international expansion started in 1988 with the opening of store in Portugal, when Inditex found that the company has dominated domestic market and afield market was very profitable. Since then, Zara entered into one country per year until it opened stores in 7 European countries. After that, the pace of Zara expansion has speed up more rapidly. Zara has successfully entered 74 countries. On the same period, HM expanded its retail network to 36 countries, and Gap entered into 30 countries worldwide. .( Indetex Annual Report, 2009 )SALES20082009Spain3.730.0993.708.967Rest of Europe4.809.2635.221.491America1.038.0651.096.709Asia and rest of the world829.3331.056.347Total10.406.96011.083.5145. Business model AnalysisThis section will further analyze the reasons why Inditex, who are competing in the same business field and under the same conditions as rivals such as HM, next, Gap and Man go, choose different business models. It describes exact competitive advantages that have derived from Inditexs business model and the negative sides of business models.According to Inditexs financial ratios and business models, we can conclude thatInditexs higher income result from its business model of vertical integration which keeps costs and operating expenses much lower than Gap and HM. In-house production allows Inditex have little transaction costs. In light of the transaction cost theory, Madhok said that manage business activities inside the company is direct way to diminish the transaction costs. The costs of managing upstream or downstream of business activities within an institution will be much lower than through the market. Meanwhile, vertical integration gives a firm more control and flexibilities to operate directly. Forward integration can provide product differentiation advantages that are difficult to imitate as well as superior design intelligence. Potential adv antage from integration is the degree of value added at the throughout all stages of the business. The group has authority to operate directly through designing, manufacturing and distribution. Due to vertical integration, the group gains a better position in the purchasing of raw materials, controlling the manufacturing process and obtaining better lead time to market. Decreased Cost does not only derive from lower transaction cost but also comes from waste reducing. This happens by designing and cutting its fabric in-house and it acquires fabrics in grey to keep costs low. Zara dyeing and printing fabric until close to manufacture to acquire more flexibilities in order to meet various design requirements, thereby minimize raw material waste and rendered Zara great flexibilit

Nanoparticles Obtained by Using Different Gelation Solution

Nanoparticles Obtained by Using Different Gelation Solution3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION3.1 surface of nanoparticles obtained by development unlike gelation solution3.1.1 sizing of distinct alginate- ground nanoparticles at fixed enzyme and Polyoxyethylene sorbitan mono-oleate (surfactant) concentrationVarious alginate base nanoparticles were prep atomic number 18d by victimization different gelling solutions as given in method . The coat of nanoparticles determined by DLS is given in table-1.Table-1 Showing size and intensity of nanoparticles at single concentration of surfactant used and enzyme immobilizedS. No.Surfactant Conc. (mM)Enzyme Conc. (mg/mL)Cross-linking agentPeak size, diam (nm)Day 0Intensity (%)Peak size, diam (nm)Day 3Intensity (%)1.8.2032.5BaCl289.43790.697.8374.42.CaCl287.88394.3161.6543.SrCl269.19375.291.38624.NiCl2421.833 ascorbic acid537.675.5Size was measured on the resembling day as the preparation of alginate based nanoparticles and there was uniformity in size distri neverthelession of the peak diam which is shown in figures-1, 2, 3 and 4. fancy 1 Size distribution of Ba-alginate nanoparticles A) on same day and B) after cardinal eld.Figure 2 Size distribution of Ca-alginate nanoparticles A) on same day and B) after three days.Figure 3 Size distribution of Sr-alginate nanoparticles A) on same day and B) after three days.Figure 4 Size distribution of Ni-alginate nanoparticles A) on same day and B) after three days.It could be seen that when size was determined on the same day (Day 0), uniformity was observed in the peak diameter. However, when size was determined after 3 days from the development of nanoparticles, the size was found to increase and the distribution was random. This happens due to Oswald ripening.3.1.2 Size of different alginate based nanoparticles at varying surfactant concentrationDifferent alginate based nanoparticles were developed without enzyme immobilization at different concentrations of surfactant rangi ng from below critical micelle concentration value to its double as given in Method . The size of nanoparticles is depicted in table-2.Table-2 Showing size and intensity of nanoparticles at different concentrations of surfactant used (no enzyme immobilized)S. No.Surfactant Concentration (mM)Cross-linking agentPeak size, diameter (nm)Day 0Intensity (%)1.0.006BaCl2CaCl2SrCl2NiCl2104.570.01165.913553.757.96179.52.0.012BaCl2CaCl2SrCl2NiCl2384.5150463.7193.594.31001001003.0.024BaCl2CaCl2SrCl2NiCl2339.271.0349.65127.552.850.969.362.8It has been observed from the table that as the concentration of surfactant increases, the size and shape incur more regular. Below the critical micelle concentration of the surfactant, uneven and irregular do particles were formed. This observation is validated by the size termination of the nanoparticles using dynamic infirm scattering at different concentrations of the surfactant as shown in figures 5, 6, 7 and 8.Figure 5 Size distribution of Ba-alginat e nanoparticles A) at below CMC (0.006mM) B) at CMC (0.012mM) and C) above CMC (0.024mM) of the surfactant. D) fleck of the peaks of alginate nanoparticles obtained against three different concentrations of surfactant used.Figure 6 Size distribution of Ca-alginate nanoparticles A) at below CMC (0.006mM) B) at CMC (0.012mM) and C) above CMC (0.024mM) of the surfactant. D) Plot of the peaks of alginate nanoparticles obtained against three different concentrations of surfactant used.Figure 7 Size distribution of Sr-alginate nanoparticles A) at below CMC (0.006mM) B) at CMC (0.012mM) and C) above CMC (0.024mM) of the surfactant. D) Plot of the peaks of alginate nanoparticles obtained against three different concentrations of surfactant used.Figure 8 Size distribution of Ni-alginate nanoparticles A) at below CMC (0.006mM) B) at CMC (0.012mM) and C) above CMC (0.024mM) of the surfactant. D) Plot of the peaks of alginate nanoparticles obtained against three different concentrations of su rfactant used.3.1.3 Size of different alginate-based nanoparticles at varying enzyme concentrations but fixed surfactant concentrationNanoparticles of various sizes and shapes were made by varying the concentrations of enzyme which was immobilized in the alginate matrix as described in Method. The different sizes obtained against differently immobilized enzyme concentrations are shown in table-3.Table-3 Showing size and intensity of nanoparticles at different concentrations of enzyme immobilized against a constant surfactant concentrationS. No.Surfactant Conc. (mM)Enzyme Conc. (mg/mL)Cross-linking agentPeak size, diameter (nm)Day 0Intensity (%)1.8.2031BaCl2CaCl2SrCl2NiCl279.11110.766.4861.7953.377.25158.42.2.5BaCl2CaCl2SrCl2NiCl289.43787.88369.193421.83390.694.375.21003.5BaCl2CaCl2SrCl2NiCl265.78146.570.09138.251.183.343.558.24.7.5BaCl2CaCl2SrCl2NiCl281.18218.883.9165.8454.691.463.280.6Figures 9, 10, 11 and 12 show the changing size of the nanoparticles with change in the concentrat ion of enzyme immobilized in alginate matrix. A comparative graphical plot has alike been incorporated to display the change in size against varying enzyme concentration for each of the cross-linking agents.Figure 9 Size distribution of Ba-alginate nanoparticles A) at 1mg/mL B) at 2.5mg/mL C) at 5mg/mL and D) at 7.5mg/mL of enzyme concentration encapsulated in alginate nano-beads. E) Plot for the variation of peak size against changing enzyme concentration.Figure 10 Size distribution of Ca-alginate nanoparticles A) at 1mg/mL B) at 2.5mg/mL C) at 5mg/mL and D) at 7.5mg/mL of enzyme concentration encapsulated in alginate nano-beads. E) Plot for the variation of peak size against changing enzyme concentration.Figure 11 Size distribution of Sr-alginate nanoparticles A) at 1mg/mL B) at 2.5mg/mL C) at 5mg/mL and D) at 7.5mg/mL of enzyme concentration encapsulated in alginate nano-beads. E) Plot for the variation of peak size against changing enzyme concentration.Figure 12 Size distributi on of Ni-alginate nanoparticles A) at 1mg/mL B) at 2.5mg/mL C) at 5mg/mL and D) at 7.5mg/mL of enzyme concentration encapsulated in alginate nano-beads. E) Plot for the variation of peak size against changing enzyme concentration.From the various figures of nanoparticles, it could be seen that the average peak size of nanoparticles increase with increasing concentration of enzyme for Barium, Calcium and Strontium. However, in case of Nickel, the size is maximum at 2.5mg/mL concentration of enzyme and it decreases for high concentrations of enzyme.3.1.4 Size of different alginate-based nanoparticles at different pH for fixed enzyme and surfactant concentrationsNanoparticles of different sizes and forms were prepared by varying the pH of the buffer solution as described in Method. The peak size diameter of the nanoparticles synthesized is given in table-4.Table-4 Showing size and intensity of nanoparticles at different pH of buffer for enzyme immobilized in alginate matrix against a constant surfactant concentrationS. No.Surfactant Conc. (mM)Enzyme Conc. (mg/mL)pH of BufferCross-linking agentPeak size, diameter (nm)Day 0Intensity (%)1.8.2032.55.36BaCl2CaCl2SrCl2NiCl2178.9256.1292349.184.688.971.91002.7.04BaCl2CaCl2SrCl2NiCl289.43787.88369.193421.83390.694.375.21003.10BaCl2CaCl2SrCl2NiCl2254.9608.2205.149684.857.678.7100Figure 13 Size distribution of Ba-alginate nanoparticles A) at pH 5.36 B) at pH 7.04 and C) at pH 10 of the buffer of alginate matrix. D) Plot shows the variation of peak size against changing pH.Figure 14 Size distribution of Ca-alginate nanoparticles A) at pH 5.36 B) at pH 7.04 and C) at pH 10 of the buffer of alginate matrix. D) Plot shows the variation of peak size against changing pH.Figure 15 Size distribution of Sr-alginate nanoparticles A) at pH 5.36 B) at pH 7.04 and C) at pH 10 of the buffer of alginate matrix. D) Plot shows the variation of peak size against changing pH.Figure 16 Size distribution of Ni-alginate nanoparticles A) at pH 5.36 B) at pH 7.04 and C) at pH 10 of the buffer of alginate matrix. D) Plot shows the variation of peak size against changing pH.From figures 13 and 14, it can be clearly seen that size of the nanoparticles is the smallest at pH 7 and largest at pH 10 for BaCl2 and CaCl2. In case of figure 15, size is smallest at pH 7 but largest at pH 5.36 for SrCl2. However, in case of figure 16, size increases in ascending order from pH 5.36 to pH 10 for NiCl2.3.2 Determination of membrane structure of the nanoparticles using infrared spectroscopyThe characteristic bands for different regions of sodium alginate and its cross with the nanoparticles developed through Method using BaCl2, CaCl2, NiCl2 and SrCl2 solutions as cross-linking agents are shown in figure 17.Figure 17 FT-IR results of alginate nanoparticles showing intensity bandsFrom figure 17, it is clear that all peaks have shifted downfield. This results in stretching of the bonds between various functional groups and so bond space of increases.Spectroscopic analyses of the alginate-based nanoparticles were based on three distinctive regions of intensity and frequency. The spectroscopic peaks obtained from the graph and their relative assignment to various regions or vibrations or stretching are given in table-5.Table-5 FT-IR Transmittance bands (cm-1) of alginate-based nanoparticlesBariumNanoparticleCalciumNanoparticleStrontiumNanoparticleNickelNanoparticleAssignment72088690810241038107211181154128613781464161016261734234628522922295634363448720886908964994102410721118115212841378140814521464160016081690172823462852292229563434345067071883288689290695210941250129413501378145014601638172423442362285229222954344236763690377038063822390667671090295210181154129813181350140614381460148215481642196223462852292029603010343038063904 (CO), (CC), (COH) (CO), (CCO), (CC) (CO), s (CC) (COC), (OH) (OH), (CH), (CH), (CH).s (COO)Amide IIAmide Is (CH2)a (CH2) stretching bending twisting wagging s symmetric a asymmetri cThe carbohydrate region is present between frequencies 1200-800 cm-1 as is shown in figure 19. span of (C O) + (C C) + (C O H) vibrations give the carbohydrate region. The mean peak for Barium and Calcium was observed at 1072 cm-1 while for strontium it was observed at 1094cm-1.The overall FT-IR spectra of the different alginate-based nanoparticles are shown in figure 18.The protein region is present between 1700-1480 with bands centered draw near 1640 cm-1.Asymmetric stretching bands of carboxylate group (a COO) were observed near 1600 cm-1 for the various nanoparticles and symmetric stretching band of carboxylate group were centered near 1462 cm-1. In infrared spectra the methylene groups show asymmetric stretching (a CH2) near 2922 cm-1 and symmetric stretching (sCH2) near 2852 cm-1. OH and NH stretching (3000-3600 cm-1) with peaks at 3436 cm-1 (for Ba), 3434 cm-1 (for Ca), 3442 cm-1 (for Sr) and 3430 cm-1 (for Ni).N.B. Results of FT-IR spectra of D-series nanoparticles are awaited.Figure 18 FT-IR spectra of A) Ca-alginate nanoparticles B) Ba-alginate nanoparticles C) Sr-alginate nanoparticles and D) Ni-alginate nanoparticlesFigure 19 FT-IR spectra for carbohydrate region (1200-800cm-1) of A) Ca-alginate nanoparticles B) Ba-alginate nanoparticles C) Sr-alginate nanoparticles and D) Ni-alginate nanoparticlesFigure 20 FT-IR spectra for protein region (1700-1480cm-1) asymmetric and symmetric COO stretching of A) Ca-alginate nanoparticles B) Ba-alginate nanoparticles C) Sr-alginate nanoparticles and D) Ni-alginate nanoparticles3.3 Determination of shape and size of alginate-nanoparticles using SEMDLS method is not a perfect technique for the determination of size of nanoparticles. So SEM studies are undertaken to have accuracy in size measurement.Figure 21 SEM picture of A) Ba-alginate nanoparticles B) Ca-alginate nanoparticles C) Sr-alginate nanoparticles and D) Ni-alginate nanoparticles (same scale for all images).For SEM-imaging of alginate based n anoparticles prepared using various geling conditions, the samples were gold coated as described in Method.Average size of barium-alginate nanoparticles was 86.8 nm (diameter) and the shape of the beads formed after enzyme encapsulation were spherical. Spherical shaped beads were also formed in case of calcium-alginate nanoparticles with average size of 51.4 nm (diameter). Strontium-alginate nanoparticles also had spherical shaped bead formation with average diameter of 45.3 nm. In case of nickel-alginate nanoparticles, the majority of the particles were rod-shaped with average height of the rods being 310.8 nm. Also, some minor beads were formed having spherical shape and average diameter of 102.3 nm.3.4 Measurement of UV-visible spectraThe UV-visible spectral determination of absorbance of the alginate based nanoparticles was determined indoors 200-400nm baseline range.Figure 22 UV-visible spectra of Ba-alginate nanoparticles A) At CMC (w/o enzyme) B) At double CMC (w/o enzyme) C ) At 1mg/mL enzyme concentration D) At 2.5mg/mL enzyme concentration E) At 5mg/mL enzyme concentration and F) At 7.5mg/mL enzyme concentration.Figure 22 UV-visible spectra of Ca-alginate nanoparticles A) At CMC (w/o enzyme) B) At double CMC (w/o enzyme) C) At 1mg/mL enzyme concentration D) At 2.5mg/mL enzyme concentration E) At 5mg/mL enzyme concentration and F) At 7.5mg/mL enzyme concentration.Figure 23 UV-visible spectra of Sr-alginate nanoparticles A) At CMC (w/o enzyme) B) At double CMC (w/o enzyme) C) At 1mg/mL enzyme concentration D) At 2.5mg/mL enzyme concentration E) At 5mg/mL enzyme concentration and F) At 7.5mg/mL enzyme concentration.Figure 24 UV-visible spectra of Ni-alginate nanoparticles A) At CMC (w/o enzyme) B) At double CMC (w/o enzyme) C) At 1mg/mL enzyme concentration D) At 2.5mg/mL enzyme concentration E) At 5mg/mL enzyme concentration and F) At 7.5mg/mL enzyme concentration.From the spectral figures 21, 22, 23 and 24 it can be clearly seen that the MAX for the d ifferent alginate-nanoparticles is around 235nm. It can also be clearly seen that the protein content at 280nm increases with increase in the concentration of enzyme immobilized in the alginate matrix. The spectra of the alginate nanoparticles show peaks and stretching only indoors the UV range of 200-330 nm of the spectra and then the absorbance becomes constant. The nanoparticles which were made without the immobilization of enzyme at CMC and double CMC of Polyoxyethylene sorbitan mono-oleate had the least absorbance at 280 nm in all the different types of nanoparticles depicting the fact that no enzyme was encapsulated within them.3.4.1 Variation of O.D. with protein contentFigure 25 O.D. variation plot against varying protein content at 280nm for A) Ba-alginate nanoparticles B) Ca-alginate nanoparticles C) Sr-alginate nanoparticles and D) Ni-alginate nanoparticles.From figure 24, it can be seen that Nickel-alginate nanoparticles have the highest amount of protein immobilized wi thin the matrix. While, the protein immobilized in Barium, Calcium and Strontium alginate nanoparticles are observed to have the similar amounts of protein immobilized in them.3.4.2 UV-visible spectra for d-block element-based alginate nanoparticlesThe overlay of alginate nanoparticles developed from d-block elements is shown in figure 26.Figure 26 UV-visible spectra overlay for A) Na-alginate B) Co-based alginate nanoparticles C) Cu-based alginate nanoparticles D) Fe (II)-based alginate nanoparticles E) Fe (III)-based alginate nanoparticles F) Mn-based alginate nanoparticles G) Ni-based alginate nanoparticles and H) Zn-based alginate nanoparticles with no enzyme encapsulation.Figure 27 (a) UV-visible spectra for A) Na-alginate B) Co-based alginate nanoparticles C) Cu-based alginate nanoparticles D) Fe (II)-based alginate nanoparticlesFigure 27 (b) UV-visible spectra for E) Fe (III)-based alginate nanoparticles F) Mn-based alginate nanoparticles G) Ni-based alginate nanoparticles an d H) Zn-based alginate nanoparticles with no enzyme encapsulation.

Mass Media Is Always A Powerful Tool Media Essay

Mass Media Is Always A Powerful Tool Media EssayIntroductionFrom the prehistoric until today, mass media is always a powerful tool and having a big work out among the quite a littles. No atomic number 53 piece of tail assert that mass media was bring secret code effect to the populates. On the 18th century, the first theory about mass media theory was organism introduced. The theory is about how strong the media can directly sour the people perception and action. Over the years, there atomic number 18 many theories be being introduced.Mass media theories ar commonly used at the age of propaganda and one of the most successful propaganda is Nazis propaganda during World War 1. Propaganda is to influence habitual opinion through the use of media. Nazi Propaganda was generated in many different forms of media much(prenominal) as radio, cinema, speeches, visuals, events, brochures and and so on Besides that, there argon besides many famous mass media theory being introduc ed like magic bullet theory, freudianism, behaviorism and etc.There are a lot of arguments about the mass media theories from the past until today. Some philosopher disputes that media are bringing negative influence to the public, and they claim that media should be downstairs insure. However, there are also some theories explain that it brings positive effect such as libertarianism theory says that people are good and rational. So that, they dungeon the media should swallow the freedom to report on everything and let the public to judge by themselves.Although there many debates about the usage of mass media, but no one can deny or underestimate the power of mass media. Mass media play as an important tool in nowadays, and there are no advanced countries banned the media. In fact, this room that every advanced country also rely on the media to communicate with their citizen. Media work as a tools for political sympathies to spread the news and promote their latest policy t o the public.The mainstream media in Malaysia has always been perceived as an important agent of change for most of the regimes policies. The mainstream media are newspaper, television station and radio station. The mainstream media are used to encourage the acceptance of the pattern by the citizens of Malaysia. On 16 September 2010, Malaysia Deputy Prime attend Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak was introducing 1Malaysia concept to all corners of the nation. The concept is about the culture of excellence, perseverance, acceptance, education, integrity, meritocracy, humility and loyalty.One of the main objectives of this concept is unity and integration. 1Malaysia aims to improve the relations among Malaysians, regardless of racial, religious or cultural backgrounds. As we know, Malaysia is a multi-racial country and the three main races of Malaysia are Malay, Chinese and Indian. Besides that, Malaysia also forms by several minority races such as Baba-Nyonya, Kadazan, Ibans, Eurasian, Or ang Asli and etc. The concept of 1Malaysia is to get hold of all races living together hand-in-hand in harmony. In addition, 1Malaysia is also the concept to achieve the goal of Vision 2020 which introduced by Malaysia 4th prime minister Tun Dr. Mahathir Bin Mohammad. Vision 2020 is about evolution Malaysia to a fully develop country in the year 2020.1Malaysia concept aims to spike unity, rejuvenate the spirit of unity and camaraderie among people of Malaysia. Najib said the concept would be implemented in an organized and systematic manner to ensure that no community was isolated from development of and kind. He said the concept was shored up by two main principles, which were mutual respect for one some other and consecrate in one another. When we have respect for one another, it means we have the open attitude of appreciating the concept of unity in diversity. The trust for one another will not come about all of a sudden. It has to be developed in an organized and determined way. he said. To achieve development for the country, the people must have a positive attitude of acceptance among the different races that will lead to unity. In short, the concept is to improve race relations in Malaysia and the mainstream media play as a key in order to achieve the goals.PropagandaPropaganda aimed to influencing the attitude of a community toward some cause or position by presenting only one side of an argument. Propaganda is usually repeated and dispersed over a wide variety of media in order to create the chosen turn out in audience attitudes. The desired result is a change of the attitude toward the subject in the target audience to further a political or religious agenda. Moreover, propaganda also can be used as a form of political warfare. One of the most successful propaganda is Nazis propaganda during World War 1. The propaganda being use after Hitler took power in 1933Richard Alan Nelson define that propaganda is a systematic form of purposeful persuasio n that attempts to influence the emotion, attides, opinions, and actions of specified target audiences for ideological, political or commercial purposes through the controlled transmission of one-sided message via mass and direct media channels. A propaganda organization employs propagandists who engage in propagandism applied creation and distribution of such forms of persuasion.By focusing on the 1Malaysia concept, the theory was been used commonly in Malaysia. The people can always get in touch with 1Malaysia concept in Malaysia. The governance is always propagandizing the 1Malaysia concept to Malaysians. Common media for transmitting propaganda messages include news reports, government reports, historical revision, books, movies, radio, television, posters and etc.For example, we can always see the poster that Najib with the 1Malaysia square pose and the signifi argot pose was been recognized by the Malaysians. Other than that, Malaysian also can find out 1Malaysias logo ever ywhere. Moreover, 1Malaysia is also come out with a theme song, and the lyric is kita satu bangsa, satu negara, kita satu Malaysia and it means we are one nation, one country and one Malaysia. This all action is also trying to influence the public opinion through the use of media. They want people to remember the 1Malaysia concept and they remind people every day and want people to change their attitudes. semipolitical Economy TheoryPolitical economy theorists study elite control of economic institutions, such as banks and stock markets, and then try to show how this control affects many others mixer institutions, including the mass media. Political economy is the interplay surrounded by economics, law and politics and how institutions develop in different favorable and economic systems. It also says that to go through the media, ones must look at the whole picture which includes the ownership of media and the control group of media.In Malaysia, the elite will be the government and most of the mainstream media are privatization but all the media are related to the government and political party. In fact, Fleet Holding, a company which is under the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) has the 80% share of the News Straits Times Press and majority share in Utusan Melayu Press. These two presses are also producing the newspapers which have the largest readership in Malaysia. Moreover, the company also owns the share of 40% of Malaysia television station, TV3. In the other hand, Huaren holding Sdn. Bhd which link to Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) have the share 58% of the other Malaysia side paper, TheStar Newspaper.From this we can found out that the Malaysia mainstream media have a close relationship with the political parties. It was easy to reach a large audience by promoting 1Malaysia concept. The government or political party can show the benefits of the concept bring at the newspaper. People are more tend to believe what the newspapers carry. For example, 175 1Malaysia clinics by year end are reported on the TheStar newspaper on September 15, 2012. In fact, when the newspapers always carry the positive news of 1Malaysia concept, it helps to gain supports from Malaysia citizens. monocracyAuthoritarian theory describe that all forms of communications are fully under the control of the government. Authoritarians are necessary to control the media to protect and prevent the people from the national threats through any form communication. As we know, Malaysia is an authoritarian country and all the media are fully control by the government.Basically, the government has all rights to countenance any media and control it by providing license. If any media violate the government policies against license, then the authority has all right to cancel the license and revoke it. In fact, Malaysia also comes out with a law which is Printing Presses and Publication Act 1984. This is use to control the usage of printing presses in Mala ysia. Under the law, all printing presses hire a license granted by the Home Affair Minister and require to renewing the license.Besides that, Malaysia government also makes certain censorship. Censorship is a suppression of any communication which may consider as harmful to the people, king, government and the country. The censorship helps to protect the rulers and authorities from sensitive issues. It used to protect the government to avoid been criticize by the media. The government has all right to restrict any sensitive issues from press to entertain peace and security in the nation. This was a powerful ability for the government and it helps to promote the 1Malaysia concept.Agenda Setting TheoryThe idea of agenda setting began in 1922 with Walter Lippmanns Public Opinion book. The originally suggested that the media sets the public agenda, in the sense that they may not exactly tell you what to think, but they may tell you what to think about. The three consequences of agend a setting effects are forming opinions, priming opinions through an emphasis on particular issues and shaping an opinion through an emphasis on particular attributes.First, it studied by the researchers, media use issues to influence the people what people should think about. And then media focus on the characters of issues how people should think about. The agenda setting theory are commonly used by the politician. The gatekeeper plays as an important role in this theory and usually the media is the one who play as a gatekeeper. Gatekeeper controls over the selection of surfeit discussed in the media. The media only show you what they comprehend as an important issue.Due to the Malaysia was an authoritarian country and the media are fully control by the government, the government can use the media to publicize the 1Malaysia concept. When the media publicize the 1Malaysia concept and it will become agenda setting theory. The media will indirectly tell the public what they have to d iscuss and what they have to focus. When the issue becomes a discussion among the Malaysians, it will strengthen the acceptance of the concept by the citizens.Marxist TheoryCentral to Marxist theory is an explanation of social change in terms of economic factors, according to which the means of production provide the economic base which influences or determines the political and ideological superstructure. Marxism encompasses an economic theory, a sociological theory, a philosophical method and a revolutionary view of social change. Marx argued that the hierarchical class system was at the root of all social problems and must be ended by a revolution of the workers. He believed that elites dominated society primarily through their direct control over the means of production, the base, or substructure, of society. But elites also maintained themselves in power through their control over culture.The inequalities between social classes are lock happening in today society. For example, the riots happened in Malaysia on 13 May 1969 was an important incident in Malaysia history. The incident make the government emphasizes on the economy balance between the races and it come out with a policy which is New Economic Policy. Although this incident happen many years ago, but the problem of social classes are still remain in Malaysia today.The government member and royal family of Malaysia are call as the aristocrat in Marxist theory. In order for the government to maintain their status quo, the elite own the capitalism with their base. For example, Malaysias second privatize TV station Metrovision, the four share holder company was closely related to UMNO. The companies are City television Sdn.Bhd, Melewar Corporation, Utusan Melayu and Medanmas Sdn. Bhd.1Malaysia concept aims to improve the citizens living standard to escape from poverty. In fact, the government is the one who control of the superstructure which are the media. 1Malaysia concept is also helps the govern ment to maintain their status and their power. The government wants to maintain their status and also achieve the peaceful among citizen or bourgeoisie and proletariat in Marxist theory. 1 Malaysia concept is the best way to achieve the goal for the benefit of country or benefit of the elite through the ownership of mainstream media and control of the message production-ideology.ConclusionIn conclusion, the media was always a powerful tool from past to now. In 21th century, media are becoming more powerful in this digital era, because people nowadays cant avoid getting in touch with media. Media was able to directly and also indirectly influence the people. So, the government should always use the media in a put way. In fact, the mainstream media in Malaysia has always been perceived as an important agent of change for most of the governments policies. Malaysia government was able to make full use of the media and skillfully use the media to promote the 1Malaysia concept. In short, government make good use of media is one of the key to lead our country evolve to an advanced country to achieve the vision 2020 and also the 1Malaysia concept.

The Human Need for Love in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay -- Franke

The Human Need for Love Exposed in Frankenstein Written in 1817 by Mary Shelley, Frankenstein is a sweet about the modern Prometheus, the Roman Titian who stole fire from the gods and gave it to man. The story takes place in several European countries during the late 1700s. It is the recollection of headmaster Frankenstein to a ship captain about his life. Victor is a student of science and medicine who discovers a way to reanimate dead flesh. In a desire to hold the perfect race he constructs a man more powerful than any normal human, and the creation is so deformed and hideous that Victor shuns it. The creation then spends a year wandering searching for companionship, but everywhere he goes he is shunned and feared. Hating life the creature turns its misery on its creator, sidesplitting off Victors family. Frankenstein chases the monster to the North Pole, in an attempt to kill it. Weakened by the cold and long chase, a dying Victor is taken on base a ship, where he relate s his tale to the captain and dies soon after. The next night the monster visits the ship and looks upon Victors body, ashamed by all of the killing he has through the monster flees into the Arctic Ocean, never to be seen again. Frankenstein appears to be a novel about the evil ways of man, but it is truly about the human brain and how it needs acquaintance and love to survive. This theme is apparent from the opening letters from the ship captain to his sister in which the captain writes, I have but one want which I have never yet been able to satisfy ... I have no friend (Shelley 7). The captain is about to venture on his lifes dream of sailing to the North Pole he has a good crew and a fine ship but still wants a friend to share the excitement with. ... ...nd misery, because he killed all that he loved. It is at this moment that he realizes that he doesnt hate Frankenstein but actually loved him the likes of a father, but was so consumed by self loathing and hate that he kille d all he loved. With this passing thought the monster leaps from the ship into the ice-skating rink filled sea, and is never seen again. At first it is seen as a story about man and the evils he can do, yet Frankenstein is actually about the friendship of the soul. Without this basic need the body either withers away and dies or turns to another source, like murder or drink, to fill the hole. Both fatalities can be seen in the story, with Victors friendship and the monsters anger. Neither one fills the gap in their soul, but eventually consumes them until they die. Work Cited Shelley, Mary W. Frankenstein. Great Britain J.M Dent & Sons LTD. 1959.