Nanoparticles Obtained by Using Different Gelation Solution

Nanoparticles Obtained by Using Different Gelation Solution3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION3.1 surface of nanoparticles obtained by development unlike gelation solution3.1.1 sizing of distinct alginate- ground nanoparticles at fixed enzyme and Polyoxyethylene sorbitan mono-oleate (surfactant) concentrationVarious alginate base nanoparticles were prep atomic number 18d by victimization different gelling solutions as given in method . The coat of nanoparticles determined by DLS is given in table-1.Table-1 Showing size and intensity of nanoparticles at single concentration of surfactant used and enzyme immobilizedS. No.Surfactant Conc. (mM)Enzyme Conc. (mg/mL)Cross-linking agentPeak size, diam (nm)Day 0Intensity (%)Peak size, diam (nm)Day 3Intensity (%)1.8.2032.5BaCl289.43790.697.8374.42.CaCl287.88394.3161.6543.SrCl269.19375.291.38624.NiCl2421.833 ascorbic acid537.675.5Size was measured on the resembling day as the preparation of alginate based nanoparticles and there was uniformity in size distri neverthelession of the peak diam which is shown in figures-1, 2, 3 and 4. fancy 1 Size distribution of Ba-alginate nanoparticles A) on same day and B) after cardinal eld.Figure 2 Size distribution of Ca-alginate nanoparticles A) on same day and B) after three days.Figure 3 Size distribution of Sr-alginate nanoparticles A) on same day and B) after three days.Figure 4 Size distribution of Ni-alginate nanoparticles A) on same day and B) after three days.It could be seen that when size was determined on the same day (Day 0), uniformity was observed in the peak diameter. However, when size was determined after 3 days from the development of nanoparticles, the size was found to increase and the distribution was random. This happens due to Oswald ripening.3.1.2 Size of different alginate based nanoparticles at varying surfactant concentrationDifferent alginate based nanoparticles were developed without enzyme immobilization at different concentrations of surfactant rangi ng from below critical micelle concentration value to its double as given in Method . The size of nanoparticles is depicted in table-2.Table-2 Showing size and intensity of nanoparticles at different concentrations of surfactant used (no enzyme immobilized)S. No.Surfactant Concentration (mM)Cross-linking agentPeak size, diameter (nm)Day 0Intensity (%)1.0.006BaCl2CaCl2SrCl2NiCl2104.570.01165.913553.757.96179.52.0.012BaCl2CaCl2SrCl2NiCl2384.5150463.7193.594.31001001003.0.024BaCl2CaCl2SrCl2NiCl2339.271.0349.65127.552.850.969.362.8It has been observed from the table that as the concentration of surfactant increases, the size and shape incur more regular. Below the critical micelle concentration of the surfactant, uneven and irregular do particles were formed. This observation is validated by the size termination of the nanoparticles using dynamic infirm scattering at different concentrations of the surfactant as shown in figures 5, 6, 7 and 8.Figure 5 Size distribution of Ba-alginat e nanoparticles A) at below CMC (0.006mM) B) at CMC (0.012mM) and C) above CMC (0.024mM) of the surfactant. D) fleck of the peaks of alginate nanoparticles obtained against three different concentrations of surfactant used.Figure 6 Size distribution of Ca-alginate nanoparticles A) at below CMC (0.006mM) B) at CMC (0.012mM) and C) above CMC (0.024mM) of the surfactant. D) Plot of the peaks of alginate nanoparticles obtained against three different concentrations of surfactant used.Figure 7 Size distribution of Sr-alginate nanoparticles A) at below CMC (0.006mM) B) at CMC (0.012mM) and C) above CMC (0.024mM) of the surfactant. D) Plot of the peaks of alginate nanoparticles obtained against three different concentrations of surfactant used.Figure 8 Size distribution of Ni-alginate nanoparticles A) at below CMC (0.006mM) B) at CMC (0.012mM) and C) above CMC (0.024mM) of the surfactant. D) Plot of the peaks of alginate nanoparticles obtained against three different concentrations of su rfactant used.3.1.3 Size of different alginate-based nanoparticles at varying enzyme concentrations but fixed surfactant concentrationNanoparticles of various sizes and shapes were made by varying the concentrations of enzyme which was immobilized in the alginate matrix as described in Method. The different sizes obtained against differently immobilized enzyme concentrations are shown in table-3.Table-3 Showing size and intensity of nanoparticles at different concentrations of enzyme immobilized against a constant surfactant concentrationS. No.Surfactant Conc. (mM)Enzyme Conc. (mg/mL)Cross-linking agentPeak size, diameter (nm)Day 0Intensity (%)1.8.2031BaCl2CaCl2SrCl2NiCl279.11110.766.4861.7953.377.25158.42.2.5BaCl2CaCl2SrCl2NiCl289.43787.88369.193421.83390.694.375.21003.5BaCl2CaCl2SrCl2NiCl265.78146.570.09138.251.183.343.558.24.7.5BaCl2CaCl2SrCl2NiCl281.18218.883.9165.8454.691.463.280.6Figures 9, 10, 11 and 12 show the changing size of the nanoparticles with change in the concentrat ion of enzyme immobilized in alginate matrix. A comparative graphical plot has alike been incorporated to display the change in size against varying enzyme concentration for each of the cross-linking agents.Figure 9 Size distribution of Ba-alginate nanoparticles A) at 1mg/mL B) at 2.5mg/mL C) at 5mg/mL and D) at 7.5mg/mL of enzyme concentration encapsulated in alginate nano-beads. E) Plot for the variation of peak size against changing enzyme concentration.Figure 10 Size distribution of Ca-alginate nanoparticles A) at 1mg/mL B) at 2.5mg/mL C) at 5mg/mL and D) at 7.5mg/mL of enzyme concentration encapsulated in alginate nano-beads. E) Plot for the variation of peak size against changing enzyme concentration.Figure 11 Size distribution of Sr-alginate nanoparticles A) at 1mg/mL B) at 2.5mg/mL C) at 5mg/mL and D) at 7.5mg/mL of enzyme concentration encapsulated in alginate nano-beads. E) Plot for the variation of peak size against changing enzyme concentration.Figure 12 Size distributi on of Ni-alginate nanoparticles A) at 1mg/mL B) at 2.5mg/mL C) at 5mg/mL and D) at 7.5mg/mL of enzyme concentration encapsulated in alginate nano-beads. E) Plot for the variation of peak size against changing enzyme concentration.From the various figures of nanoparticles, it could be seen that the average peak size of nanoparticles increase with increasing concentration of enzyme for Barium, Calcium and Strontium. However, in case of Nickel, the size is maximum at 2.5mg/mL concentration of enzyme and it decreases for high concentrations of enzyme.3.1.4 Size of different alginate-based nanoparticles at different pH for fixed enzyme and surfactant concentrationsNanoparticles of different sizes and forms were prepared by varying the pH of the buffer solution as described in Method. The peak size diameter of the nanoparticles synthesized is given in table-4.Table-4 Showing size and intensity of nanoparticles at different pH of buffer for enzyme immobilized in alginate matrix against a constant surfactant concentrationS. No.Surfactant Conc. (mM)Enzyme Conc. (mg/mL)pH of BufferCross-linking agentPeak size, diameter (nm)Day 0Intensity (%)1.8.2032.55.36BaCl2CaCl2SrCl2NiCl2178.9256.1292349.184.688.971.91002.7.04BaCl2CaCl2SrCl2NiCl289.43787.88369.193421.83390.694.375.21003.10BaCl2CaCl2SrCl2NiCl2254.9608.2205.149684.857.678.7100Figure 13 Size distribution of Ba-alginate nanoparticles A) at pH 5.36 B) at pH 7.04 and C) at pH 10 of the buffer of alginate matrix. D) Plot shows the variation of peak size against changing pH.Figure 14 Size distribution of Ca-alginate nanoparticles A) at pH 5.36 B) at pH 7.04 and C) at pH 10 of the buffer of alginate matrix. D) Plot shows the variation of peak size against changing pH.Figure 15 Size distribution of Sr-alginate nanoparticles A) at pH 5.36 B) at pH 7.04 and C) at pH 10 of the buffer of alginate matrix. D) Plot shows the variation of peak size against changing pH.Figure 16 Size distribution of Ni-alginate nanoparticles A) at pH 5.36 B) at pH 7.04 and C) at pH 10 of the buffer of alginate matrix. D) Plot shows the variation of peak size against changing pH.From figures 13 and 14, it can be clearly seen that size of the nanoparticles is the smallest at pH 7 and largest at pH 10 for BaCl2 and CaCl2. In case of figure 15, size is smallest at pH 7 but largest at pH 5.36 for SrCl2. However, in case of figure 16, size increases in ascending order from pH 5.36 to pH 10 for NiCl2.3.2 Determination of membrane structure of the nanoparticles using infrared spectroscopyThe characteristic bands for different regions of sodium alginate and its cross with the nanoparticles developed through Method using BaCl2, CaCl2, NiCl2 and SrCl2 solutions as cross-linking agents are shown in figure 17.Figure 17 FT-IR results of alginate nanoparticles showing intensity bandsFrom figure 17, it is clear that all peaks have shifted downfield. This results in stretching of the bonds between various functional groups and so bond space of increases.Spectroscopic analyses of the alginate-based nanoparticles were based on three distinctive regions of intensity and frequency. The spectroscopic peaks obtained from the graph and their relative assignment to various regions or vibrations or stretching are given in table-5.Table-5 FT-IR Transmittance bands (cm-1) of alginate-based nanoparticlesBariumNanoparticleCalciumNanoparticleStrontiumNanoparticleNickelNanoparticleAssignment72088690810241038107211181154128613781464161016261734234628522922295634363448720886908964994102410721118115212841378140814521464160016081690172823462852292229563434345067071883288689290695210941250129413501378145014601638172423442362285229222954344236763690377038063822390667671090295210181154129813181350140614381460148215481642196223462852292029603010343038063904 (CO), (CC), (COH) (CO), (CCO), (CC) (CO), s (CC) (COC), (OH) (OH), (CH), (CH), (CH).s (COO)Amide IIAmide Is (CH2)a (CH2) stretching bending twisting wagging s symmetric a asymmetri cThe carbohydrate region is present between frequencies 1200-800 cm-1 as is shown in figure 19. span of (C O) + (C C) + (C O H) vibrations give the carbohydrate region. The mean peak for Barium and Calcium was observed at 1072 cm-1 while for strontium it was observed at 1094cm-1.The overall FT-IR spectra of the different alginate-based nanoparticles are shown in figure 18.The protein region is present between 1700-1480 with bands centered draw near 1640 cm-1.Asymmetric stretching bands of carboxylate group (a COO) were observed near 1600 cm-1 for the various nanoparticles and symmetric stretching band of carboxylate group were centered near 1462 cm-1. In infrared spectra the methylene groups show asymmetric stretching (a CH2) near 2922 cm-1 and symmetric stretching (sCH2) near 2852 cm-1. OH and NH stretching (3000-3600 cm-1) with peaks at 3436 cm-1 (for Ba), 3434 cm-1 (for Ca), 3442 cm-1 (for Sr) and 3430 cm-1 (for Ni).N.B. Results of FT-IR spectra of D-series nanoparticles are awaited.Figure 18 FT-IR spectra of A) Ca-alginate nanoparticles B) Ba-alginate nanoparticles C) Sr-alginate nanoparticles and D) Ni-alginate nanoparticlesFigure 19 FT-IR spectra for carbohydrate region (1200-800cm-1) of A) Ca-alginate nanoparticles B) Ba-alginate nanoparticles C) Sr-alginate nanoparticles and D) Ni-alginate nanoparticlesFigure 20 FT-IR spectra for protein region (1700-1480cm-1) asymmetric and symmetric COO stretching of A) Ca-alginate nanoparticles B) Ba-alginate nanoparticles C) Sr-alginate nanoparticles and D) Ni-alginate nanoparticles3.3 Determination of shape and size of alginate-nanoparticles using SEMDLS method is not a perfect technique for the determination of size of nanoparticles. So SEM studies are undertaken to have accuracy in size measurement.Figure 21 SEM picture of A) Ba-alginate nanoparticles B) Ca-alginate nanoparticles C) Sr-alginate nanoparticles and D) Ni-alginate nanoparticles (same scale for all images).For SEM-imaging of alginate based n anoparticles prepared using various geling conditions, the samples were gold coated as described in Method.Average size of barium-alginate nanoparticles was 86.8 nm (diameter) and the shape of the beads formed after enzyme encapsulation were spherical. Spherical shaped beads were also formed in case of calcium-alginate nanoparticles with average size of 51.4 nm (diameter). Strontium-alginate nanoparticles also had spherical shaped bead formation with average diameter of 45.3 nm. In case of nickel-alginate nanoparticles, the majority of the particles were rod-shaped with average height of the rods being 310.8 nm. Also, some minor beads were formed having spherical shape and average diameter of 102.3 nm.3.4 Measurement of UV-visible spectraThe UV-visible spectral determination of absorbance of the alginate based nanoparticles was determined indoors 200-400nm baseline range.Figure 22 UV-visible spectra of Ba-alginate nanoparticles A) At CMC (w/o enzyme) B) At double CMC (w/o enzyme) C ) At 1mg/mL enzyme concentration D) At 2.5mg/mL enzyme concentration E) At 5mg/mL enzyme concentration and F) At 7.5mg/mL enzyme concentration.Figure 22 UV-visible spectra of Ca-alginate nanoparticles A) At CMC (w/o enzyme) B) At double CMC (w/o enzyme) C) At 1mg/mL enzyme concentration D) At 2.5mg/mL enzyme concentration E) At 5mg/mL enzyme concentration and F) At 7.5mg/mL enzyme concentration.Figure 23 UV-visible spectra of Sr-alginate nanoparticles A) At CMC (w/o enzyme) B) At double CMC (w/o enzyme) C) At 1mg/mL enzyme concentration D) At 2.5mg/mL enzyme concentration E) At 5mg/mL enzyme concentration and F) At 7.5mg/mL enzyme concentration.Figure 24 UV-visible spectra of Ni-alginate nanoparticles A) At CMC (w/o enzyme) B) At double CMC (w/o enzyme) C) At 1mg/mL enzyme concentration D) At 2.5mg/mL enzyme concentration E) At 5mg/mL enzyme concentration and F) At 7.5mg/mL enzyme concentration.From the spectral figures 21, 22, 23 and 24 it can be clearly seen that the MAX for the d ifferent alginate-nanoparticles is around 235nm. It can also be clearly seen that the protein content at 280nm increases with increase in the concentration of enzyme immobilized in the alginate matrix. The spectra of the alginate nanoparticles show peaks and stretching only indoors the UV range of 200-330 nm of the spectra and then the absorbance becomes constant. The nanoparticles which were made without the immobilization of enzyme at CMC and double CMC of Polyoxyethylene sorbitan mono-oleate had the least absorbance at 280 nm in all the different types of nanoparticles depicting the fact that no enzyme was encapsulated within them.3.4.1 Variation of O.D. with protein contentFigure 25 O.D. variation plot against varying protein content at 280nm for A) Ba-alginate nanoparticles B) Ca-alginate nanoparticles C) Sr-alginate nanoparticles and D) Ni-alginate nanoparticles.From figure 24, it can be seen that Nickel-alginate nanoparticles have the highest amount of protein immobilized wi thin the matrix. While, the protein immobilized in Barium, Calcium and Strontium alginate nanoparticles are observed to have the similar amounts of protein immobilized in them.3.4.2 UV-visible spectra for d-block element-based alginate nanoparticlesThe overlay of alginate nanoparticles developed from d-block elements is shown in figure 26.Figure 26 UV-visible spectra overlay for A) Na-alginate B) Co-based alginate nanoparticles C) Cu-based alginate nanoparticles D) Fe (II)-based alginate nanoparticles E) Fe (III)-based alginate nanoparticles F) Mn-based alginate nanoparticles G) Ni-based alginate nanoparticles and H) Zn-based alginate nanoparticles with no enzyme encapsulation.Figure 27 (a) UV-visible spectra for A) Na-alginate B) Co-based alginate nanoparticles C) Cu-based alginate nanoparticles D) Fe (II)-based alginate nanoparticlesFigure 27 (b) UV-visible spectra for E) Fe (III)-based alginate nanoparticles F) Mn-based alginate nanoparticles G) Ni-based alginate nanoparticles an d H) Zn-based alginate nanoparticles with no enzyme encapsulation.

Mass Media Is Always A Powerful Tool Media Essay

Mass Media Is Always A Powerful Tool Media EssayIntroductionFrom the prehistoric until today, mass media is always a powerful tool and having a big work out among the quite a littles. No atomic number 53 piece of tail assert that mass media was bring secret code effect to the populates. On the 18th century, the first theory about mass media theory was organism introduced. The theory is about how strong the media can directly sour the people perception and action. Over the years, there atomic number 18 many theories be being introduced.Mass media theories ar commonly used at the age of propaganda and one of the most successful propaganda is Nazis propaganda during World War 1. Propaganda is to influence habitual opinion through the use of media. Nazi Propaganda was generated in many different forms of media much(prenominal) as radio, cinema, speeches, visuals, events, brochures and and so on Besides that, there argon besides many famous mass media theory being introduc ed like magic bullet theory, freudianism, behaviorism and etc.There are a lot of arguments about the mass media theories from the past until today. Some philosopher disputes that media are bringing negative influence to the public, and they claim that media should be downstairs insure. However, there are also some theories explain that it brings positive effect such as libertarianism theory says that people are good and rational. So that, they dungeon the media should swallow the freedom to report on everything and let the public to judge by themselves.Although there many debates about the usage of mass media, but no one can deny or underestimate the power of mass media. Mass media play as an important tool in nowadays, and there are no advanced countries banned the media. In fact, this room that every advanced country also rely on the media to communicate with their citizen. Media work as a tools for political sympathies to spread the news and promote their latest policy t o the public.The mainstream media in Malaysia has always been perceived as an important agent of change for most of the regimes policies. The mainstream media are newspaper, television station and radio station. The mainstream media are used to encourage the acceptance of the pattern by the citizens of Malaysia. On 16 September 2010, Malaysia Deputy Prime attend Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak was introducing 1Malaysia concept to all corners of the nation. The concept is about the culture of excellence, perseverance, acceptance, education, integrity, meritocracy, humility and loyalty.One of the main objectives of this concept is unity and integration. 1Malaysia aims to improve the relations among Malaysians, regardless of racial, religious or cultural backgrounds. As we know, Malaysia is a multi-racial country and the three main races of Malaysia are Malay, Chinese and Indian. Besides that, Malaysia also forms by several minority races such as Baba-Nyonya, Kadazan, Ibans, Eurasian, Or ang Asli and etc. The concept of 1Malaysia is to get hold of all races living together hand-in-hand in harmony. In addition, 1Malaysia is also the concept to achieve the goal of Vision 2020 which introduced by Malaysia 4th prime minister Tun Dr. Mahathir Bin Mohammad. Vision 2020 is about evolution Malaysia to a fully develop country in the year 2020.1Malaysia concept aims to spike unity, rejuvenate the spirit of unity and camaraderie among people of Malaysia. Najib said the concept would be implemented in an organized and systematic manner to ensure that no community was isolated from development of and kind. He said the concept was shored up by two main principles, which were mutual respect for one some other and consecrate in one another. When we have respect for one another, it means we have the open attitude of appreciating the concept of unity in diversity. The trust for one another will not come about all of a sudden. It has to be developed in an organized and determined way. he said. To achieve development for the country, the people must have a positive attitude of acceptance among the different races that will lead to unity. In short, the concept is to improve race relations in Malaysia and the mainstream media play as a key in order to achieve the goals.PropagandaPropaganda aimed to influencing the attitude of a community toward some cause or position by presenting only one side of an argument. Propaganda is usually repeated and dispersed over a wide variety of media in order to create the chosen turn out in audience attitudes. The desired result is a change of the attitude toward the subject in the target audience to further a political or religious agenda. Moreover, propaganda also can be used as a form of political warfare. One of the most successful propaganda is Nazis propaganda during World War 1. The propaganda being use after Hitler took power in 1933Richard Alan Nelson define that propaganda is a systematic form of purposeful persuasio n that attempts to influence the emotion, attides, opinions, and actions of specified target audiences for ideological, political or commercial purposes through the controlled transmission of one-sided message via mass and direct media channels. A propaganda organization employs propagandists who engage in propagandism applied creation and distribution of such forms of persuasion.By focusing on the 1Malaysia concept, the theory was been used commonly in Malaysia. The people can always get in touch with 1Malaysia concept in Malaysia. The governance is always propagandizing the 1Malaysia concept to Malaysians. Common media for transmitting propaganda messages include news reports, government reports, historical revision, books, movies, radio, television, posters and etc.For example, we can always see the poster that Najib with the 1Malaysia square pose and the signifi argot pose was been recognized by the Malaysians. Other than that, Malaysian also can find out 1Malaysias logo ever ywhere. Moreover, 1Malaysia is also come out with a theme song, and the lyric is kita satu bangsa, satu negara, kita satu Malaysia and it means we are one nation, one country and one Malaysia. This all action is also trying to influence the public opinion through the use of media. They want people to remember the 1Malaysia concept and they remind people every day and want people to change their attitudes. semipolitical Economy TheoryPolitical economy theorists study elite control of economic institutions, such as banks and stock markets, and then try to show how this control affects many others mixer institutions, including the mass media. Political economy is the interplay surrounded by economics, law and politics and how institutions develop in different favorable and economic systems. It also says that to go through the media, ones must look at the whole picture which includes the ownership of media and the control group of media.In Malaysia, the elite will be the government and most of the mainstream media are privatization but all the media are related to the government and political party. In fact, Fleet Holding, a company which is under the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) has the 80% share of the News Straits Times Press and majority share in Utusan Melayu Press. These two presses are also producing the newspapers which have the largest readership in Malaysia. Moreover, the company also owns the share of 40% of Malaysia television station, TV3. In the other hand, Huaren holding Sdn. Bhd which link to Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) have the share 58% of the other Malaysia side paper, TheStar Newspaper.From this we can found out that the Malaysia mainstream media have a close relationship with the political parties. It was easy to reach a large audience by promoting 1Malaysia concept. The government or political party can show the benefits of the concept bring at the newspaper. People are more tend to believe what the newspapers carry. For example, 175 1Malaysia clinics by year end are reported on the TheStar newspaper on September 15, 2012. In fact, when the newspapers always carry the positive news of 1Malaysia concept, it helps to gain supports from Malaysia citizens. monocracyAuthoritarian theory describe that all forms of communications are fully under the control of the government. Authoritarians are necessary to control the media to protect and prevent the people from the national threats through any form communication. As we know, Malaysia is an authoritarian country and all the media are fully control by the government.Basically, the government has all rights to countenance any media and control it by providing license. If any media violate the government policies against license, then the authority has all right to cancel the license and revoke it. In fact, Malaysia also comes out with a law which is Printing Presses and Publication Act 1984. This is use to control the usage of printing presses in Mala ysia. Under the law, all printing presses hire a license granted by the Home Affair Minister and require to renewing the license.Besides that, Malaysia government also makes certain censorship. Censorship is a suppression of any communication which may consider as harmful to the people, king, government and the country. The censorship helps to protect the rulers and authorities from sensitive issues. It used to protect the government to avoid been criticize by the media. The government has all right to restrict any sensitive issues from press to entertain peace and security in the nation. This was a powerful ability for the government and it helps to promote the 1Malaysia concept.Agenda Setting TheoryThe idea of agenda setting began in 1922 with Walter Lippmanns Public Opinion book. The originally suggested that the media sets the public agenda, in the sense that they may not exactly tell you what to think, but they may tell you what to think about. The three consequences of agend a setting effects are forming opinions, priming opinions through an emphasis on particular issues and shaping an opinion through an emphasis on particular attributes.First, it studied by the researchers, media use issues to influence the people what people should think about. And then media focus on the characters of issues how people should think about. The agenda setting theory are commonly used by the politician. The gatekeeper plays as an important role in this theory and usually the media is the one who play as a gatekeeper. Gatekeeper controls over the selection of surfeit discussed in the media. The media only show you what they comprehend as an important issue.Due to the Malaysia was an authoritarian country and the media are fully control by the government, the government can use the media to publicize the 1Malaysia concept. When the media publicize the 1Malaysia concept and it will become agenda setting theory. The media will indirectly tell the public what they have to d iscuss and what they have to focus. When the issue becomes a discussion among the Malaysians, it will strengthen the acceptance of the concept by the citizens.Marxist TheoryCentral to Marxist theory is an explanation of social change in terms of economic factors, according to which the means of production provide the economic base which influences or determines the political and ideological superstructure. Marxism encompasses an economic theory, a sociological theory, a philosophical method and a revolutionary view of social change. Marx argued that the hierarchical class system was at the root of all social problems and must be ended by a revolution of the workers. He believed that elites dominated society primarily through their direct control over the means of production, the base, or substructure, of society. But elites also maintained themselves in power through their control over culture.The inequalities between social classes are lock happening in today society. For example, the riots happened in Malaysia on 13 May 1969 was an important incident in Malaysia history. The incident make the government emphasizes on the economy balance between the races and it come out with a policy which is New Economic Policy. Although this incident happen many years ago, but the problem of social classes are still remain in Malaysia today.The government member and royal family of Malaysia are call as the aristocrat in Marxist theory. In order for the government to maintain their status quo, the elite own the capitalism with their base. For example, Malaysias second privatize TV station Metrovision, the four share holder company was closely related to UMNO. The companies are City television Sdn.Bhd, Melewar Corporation, Utusan Melayu and Medanmas Sdn. Bhd.1Malaysia concept aims to improve the citizens living standard to escape from poverty. In fact, the government is the one who control of the superstructure which are the media. 1Malaysia concept is also helps the govern ment to maintain their status and their power. The government wants to maintain their status and also achieve the peaceful among citizen or bourgeoisie and proletariat in Marxist theory. 1 Malaysia concept is the best way to achieve the goal for the benefit of country or benefit of the elite through the ownership of mainstream media and control of the message production-ideology.ConclusionIn conclusion, the media was always a powerful tool from past to now. In 21th century, media are becoming more powerful in this digital era, because people nowadays cant avoid getting in touch with media. Media was able to directly and also indirectly influence the people. So, the government should always use the media in a put way. In fact, the mainstream media in Malaysia has always been perceived as an important agent of change for most of the governments policies. Malaysia government was able to make full use of the media and skillfully use the media to promote the 1Malaysia concept. In short, government make good use of media is one of the key to lead our country evolve to an advanced country to achieve the vision 2020 and also the 1Malaysia concept.

The Human Need for Love in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay -- Franke

The Human Need for Love Exposed in Frankenstein Written in 1817 by Mary Shelley, Frankenstein is a sweet about the modern Prometheus, the Roman Titian who stole fire from the gods and gave it to man. The story takes place in several European countries during the late 1700s. It is the recollection of headmaster Frankenstein to a ship captain about his life. Victor is a student of science and medicine who discovers a way to reanimate dead flesh. In a desire to hold the perfect race he constructs a man more powerful than any normal human, and the creation is so deformed and hideous that Victor shuns it. The creation then spends a year wandering searching for companionship, but everywhere he goes he is shunned and feared. Hating life the creature turns its misery on its creator, sidesplitting off Victors family. Frankenstein chases the monster to the North Pole, in an attempt to kill it. Weakened by the cold and long chase, a dying Victor is taken on base a ship, where he relate s his tale to the captain and dies soon after. The next night the monster visits the ship and looks upon Victors body, ashamed by all of the killing he has through the monster flees into the Arctic Ocean, never to be seen again. Frankenstein appears to be a novel about the evil ways of man, but it is truly about the human brain and how it needs acquaintance and love to survive. This theme is apparent from the opening letters from the ship captain to his sister in which the captain writes, I have but one want which I have never yet been able to satisfy ... I have no friend (Shelley 7). The captain is about to venture on his lifes dream of sailing to the North Pole he has a good crew and a fine ship but still wants a friend to share the excitement with. ... ...nd misery, because he killed all that he loved. It is at this moment that he realizes that he doesnt hate Frankenstein but actually loved him the likes of a father, but was so consumed by self loathing and hate that he kille d all he loved. With this passing thought the monster leaps from the ship into the ice-skating rink filled sea, and is never seen again. At first it is seen as a story about man and the evils he can do, yet Frankenstein is actually about the friendship of the soul. Without this basic need the body either withers away and dies or turns to another source, like murder or drink, to fill the hole. Both fatalities can be seen in the story, with Victors friendship and the monsters anger. Neither one fills the gap in their soul, but eventually consumes them until they die. Work Cited Shelley, Mary W. Frankenstein. Great Britain J.M Dent & Sons LTD. 1959.

Essay --

The future of technology takes us further into video games. Does it get under ones skin violence and social behavior in kids. Many people believe that violent video game lead to violence outbreaks and bad behavior. Can every last(predicate) this be true? Can it possible that video games are making the upcoming generation having a violent side and not being adapted to socially interact with others. There have been studies that give valid points on these topics. Video games are enhancing every year as technology gets better withal do the games. Does this mean that videos games are also becoming more heartyistic, violent, and aggressive. Is Spending all these hours making a kid more likely to have anti-social behaviors and modify these kids brain? Have people wondering how are video games really affecting our kids in this generation? Violent games being released today have historic period restrictions on them but this does not stop underage kids from getting these games in their hands. Theres controversies about how kids should know the difference between video game violence and real violence and also if it causes social problems. T...

My Personal Leadership Philosophy Essay -- Leadership Essays

According to Websters Dictionary, leaders is the power or ability to lead other people, the act or instance of leading. I believe that Leadership is an art, the art to get others to follow and accomplish a common goal or task in a harmonic manner. A leader can be shown in all kinds of shapes and forms. To be a great leader many people believe it consists of imitate the way, inspiring a shared vision, enabling others to act, and encouraging the heart. Over the course of me learning how to become a better leader and being in leadership roles, Ive learned that all these are in truth necessary to be a great leader. The person you least expect can be a leader in their on right. We rescue great world leaders such as our President Barack Obama and Hilary Clinton, but also we even have our depressed town leaders such has our sheriffs and mayors. Most importantly Ive seen the grea footrace leader of them all and thats been in my own household. My mother exemplifies all of these very gr eat qualities she practices what she preaches, encourages me to be a better me, tends to my needs, and has ultimately won all of my trust to complete she will never steer me in the wrong direction. tether is a way of life, something that is a learning experience. With growth, lessons learned, and having confidence leadership is a task that all can obtain. My top five strengths include Faith, Integrity, leadership, teamwork, and communication. My number unmatchable weakness is ambition. I would have to say that my strength finder test was pretty accurate to what I already knew were my strengths and weaknesses. I actually found the test very helpful and it opened up my eyes to a lot of things. With anything you do in life you need faith. I have always struggled wi... ... we know it or not. Growth is inevitable and when there is growth there is new finding about life. Leadership is a growing process that is never ending. sluice a leader is human. Learning from mistakes and show ing ways to positively turn them around is one of the strongest leaders of them all. But one must realize you have to be follower in one time of your life to become a leader. The most creative geniuses are those who have followed. Stay humble, open-minded, and firm in your beliefs and know man should ever discredit you from being an extraordinary leader. Works Cited Summary. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, n.d. Web. 13 November 2013.Free Aptitude audition Find Your Strengths & Weaknesses. Tools for Your Career Path. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2013.Leadership. Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2013.

Free Merchant of Venice Essays: The Price is Right :: Merchant Venice Essays

When I first read The Merchant of Venice, I had a lot of mixed reactions. One of them, amazingly enough, was that it was too short How can this be? We all know that Shakespeares plays are notoriously too long.  In reading it over, I think this perception comes from a number of sources.  One is the idea that the two story lines, that of Portia and her suitors and that of Shylock and his money-grubbing ways, are only loosely held together by the title character, Antonio.  The other reason is that when we eventually get to the trial scene, the supposed highlight of the play, we notice that the trial is only a very small part of the whole play.  It is not what the play is to the highest degree in my opinion. Many people have suggested that the play should have ended after the trial, that the final scene served no purpose.  I saw it much manage the hurriedly thrown together conclusion to a choppy paper.  We have talked about cut versions of literature as t hey make their way to the screen. This seems to me as though it is a choppy version of an idea that didnt work out as well as the playwright had hoped.  As I read even more closely, I may find I change my mind.   Since it didnt seem to be about what I thought it was supposed to be about, I decided to analyze to figure out what it really is about. Based on my current understanding (subject to further enlightenment), the play is (at least partially) about the merchandising of people.  People can be bought or sold for Three thousand ducats, well (Act I burst 3 Line 1), or chests of gold, silver and lead (I.ii.30). Every one has a price.  All are bought or sold at one time or another. Lets look at some of the leading characters and see what price they require.    Antonio sells a pound of his flesh for three thousand ducats in Act I Scene 3.  Bassanio sells his marriage vows to repay the lawyer/ judge for defending Antonio (Act IV Scene 2).  Gratio no sells his vows, by giving away the ring that represented them, and his friendship to Bassanio at the same time. Portia sells herself as property in marriage

More Than Just A Shirt :: essays research papers

Before reading this metrical composition one doesnt completely realize the details and stories behind an fair game as basic as a shirt. I had no idea that so much detail could be found in such a simple object, much less an entire poem. This poem presents a very good example of how we can easily overlook terrible things which happen, but demand to ignore. Even though we know bad working conditions exist in small countries which produce products we need, we choose to buy these products and support the inhumane working conditions. The poem does a good job of making us more aware of the world around us, and that there are more to things thence meets the eye.The poem shirt by Robert Pinsky is written in a free verse form. The poem tells the story behind a shirt. It starts by describing the shirt and its physical characteristics, but then goes into the story of the workers which produce it. The shirt is not one particular shirt, but all shirts in general. The first story which is descr ibed in the poem tells us about a factory which has poor working conditions. These conditions led to a fire which kills one hundred and forty-six people. A specific example of a man who tosses three girls out the window and then plunges to his own death serves to show us the horror of the situation. the poem then continues on to tell us of in humane conditions in Scotland. It ends by telling us about the slaves who picked and planted the cotton. The speaker seems to be telling us a story in order to inform us of whats going on in the shirt industry.Robert Pinsky doesnt have many a(prenominal) obvious examples of diction in his work, although hints of it can be found. thither is a simile in the first line of the tenth stanza. The line goes "corners of both pockets, like a strict rhyme"(line 28). When reading the poem many images present themselves. One of the first images I see continues to present its self through out the poem. This image is one of the shirt with its " invisible stitches along the hint "(2), " twin bar-tacked corners "(27), and " Buttons of simulated stone ".(45) The strongest image in the poem which really stuck with me was one of the man dropping girls out of the window, and then jumping himself.